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Matter and wave-particle duality

Main article:De Broglie hypothesis

"The fundamental idea of [my 1924 thesis] was the following:The fact that,following Einstein's introduction of photons in light waves,one knew that light contains particles which are concentrations of energy incorporated into the wave,suggests that all particles,like the electron,must be transported by a wave into which it is incorporated...My essential idea was to extend to all particles the coexistence of waves and particles discovered by Einstein in 1905 in the case of light and photons." "With every particle of matter with mass m and velocity v a real wave must be 'associated'",related to the momentum by the equation:

where is the wavelength,is the Planck constant,is the momentum,is the rest mass,is the velocity and is the speed of light in a vacuum.

This theory set the basis of wave mechanics.It was supported by Einstein,confirmed by the electron diffraction experiments of Davisson and Germer,and generalized by the work of Schrödinger.

However,this generalization was statistical and was not approved of by de Broglie,who said "that the particle must be the seat of an internal periodic movement and that it must move in a wave in order to remain in phase with it was ignored by the actual physicists [who are] wrong to consider a wave propagation without localization of the particle,which was quite contrary to my original ideas."

From a philosophical viewpoint,this theory of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past.Originally,de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e.,having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles.In fact,the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a wavefunction defined by the Schrödinger equation,which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation,without the support of real physical elements.This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter,without making real physical waves appear.However,until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter-waves,following the work of David Bohm.The de Broglie-Bohm theory is today the only interpretation giving real status to matter-waves and representing the predictions of quantum theory.But,since it has some problems and doesn't go further in its predictions than the Copenhagen interpretation,it is little recognized by the scientific community.

[edit]Non-nullity and variability of mass

According to de Broglie,the neutrino and the photon have rest masses that are non-zero,though very low.That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory.Incidentally,this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe.

In addition,he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant,but variable,and that each particle can be represented as a thermodynamic machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.

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